# Climate Risk Profile
Climate risk profiles provide a concise, operational overview of the main climate hazards currently addressed in the Assessment Toolkit. Each profile follows the Toolkit risk logic (Hazard–Exposure–Vulnerability) and supports consistent comparison between a baseline (Business-as-Usual) and an adaptation (NbS/BGI) scenario.
For **general guidance** and interoperable workflows, see also : [CLIMAAX CRA Handbook](https://handbook.climaax.eu/intro.html) and [CLIMAAX CRA Framework](https://handbook.climaax.eu/CRA_steps/framework.html).
For **broader EU context** on climate impacts and risks, see [EEA climate change impacts, risks and adaptation](https://www.eea.europa.eu/en/topics/in-depth/climate-change-impacts-risks-and-adaptation) (external overview).
* *Note: this page focuses only on hazards currently covered by tutorials/materials. Other hazards (e.g., wildfires) may be addressed in future releases as the Toolkit expands*.
**Core references:** [CLIMAAX CRA Handbook](https://handbook.climaax.eu/intro.html); [CLIMAAX CRA Framework](https://handbook.climaax.eu/CRA_steps/framework.html); [Copernicus Climate Data Store](https://cds.climate.copernicus.eu/); [Climate-ADAPT](https://climate-adapt.eea.europa.eu/); [EEA impacts/risks/adaptation overview](https://www.eea.europa.eu/en/topics/in-depth/climate-change-impacts-risks-and-adaptation).
## Heavy rainfall
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> Short-duration, high-intensity precipitation that can exceed infiltration and drainage capacity, generating rapid runoff and cascading impacts (e.g., pluvial flooding, erosion pulses). NbS/BGI effects are typically quantified by comparing baseline vs NbS runoff concentration and peak-response proxies.
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> External references: [CLIMAAX – heavy rainfall workflows](https://handbook.climaax.eu/notebooks/workflows/heavy_rainfall.html); [Copernicus CDS – extreme precipitation indicators](https://cds.climate.copernicus.eu/datasets/sis-european-risk-extreme-precipitation-indicators?tab=overview); [Copernicus Service Catalogue – extreme precipitation risk indicators](https://www.copernicus.eu/en/access-data/copernicus-services-catalogue/extreme-precipitation-risk-indicators-europe-and-european).
## Flooding (fluvial, coastal)
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> Fluvial flooding from river overflow driven by catchment runoff; coastal flooding ( see also sea level rise hazard) from storm surge and high water levels (influenced by sea-level conditions). Assessments typically map flood extent/depth (or hazard classes) and compare baseline vs NbS/BGI scenarios that increase retention/buffering or reduce exposure.
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> External references: [CLIMAAX – floods overview](https://handbook.climaax.eu/notebooks/workflows/floods.html); [CLIMAAX – river flooding intro](https://handbook.climaax.eu/notebooks/workflows/FLOODS/02_River_flooding/FLOOD_RIVER_intro.html); [CLIMAAX – coastal flooding (water levels / SLR)](https://handbook.climaax.eu/notebooks/workflows/FLOODS/01_Coastal_flooding/Hazard_assessment_FLOOD_COASTAL_waterlevel.html).
## Drought (water scarcity / agricultural drought)
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> Sustained deficits in precipitation and/or soil moisture that reduce water availability for ecosystems, agriculture, and water supply systems, often intensified by higher evaporative demand. Outputs rely on deficit indices and impact proxies; NbS/BGI are evaluated through improved soil-moisture retention and reduced stress indicators vs baseline.
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> External references: [CLIMAAX – droughts overview](https://handbook.climaax.eu/notebooks/workflows/droughts.html); [CLIMAAX – agricultural drought hazard](https://handbook.climaax.eu/notebooks/workflows/DROUGHTS/02_agriculture_drought/AGRICULTURE_DROUGHT_Hazard.html); [Climate-ADAPT – drought and water scarcity](https://climate-adapt.eea.europa.eu/en/observatory/topics/health-impacts/drought-and-water-scarcity).
## Heat stress / heat waves
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> Prolonged hot periods, frequently amplified in cities by urban morphology and land-surface properties (UHI). Profiles typically use screening layers or thermal-stress indicators to identify hotspots and quantify cooling/comfort gains under NbS/BGI vs baseline.
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> External references: [CLIMAAX – heatwaves overview](https://handbook.climaax.eu/notebooks/workflows/heatwaves.html); [CLIMAAX – urban heatwave hazard example](https://handbook.climaax.eu/notebooks/workflows/HEATWAVES/01_Urban_heatwaves/heatwave_hazard_assessment_euroheat.html); [Climate-ADAPT – climatological heatwave days](https://climate-adapt.eea.europa.eu/en/metadata/indicators/climatological-heatwave-days).
## Landslides (rainfall-induced)
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> Slope instabilities triggered by intense/persistent rainfall that increases soil saturation and pore pressure. Outputs often include susceptibility/stability layers; NbS effects (e.g., land/vegetation management) are evaluated via scenario comparisons that quantify local cooling and thermal-comfort improvements relative to baseline conditions, consistent with the overarching baseline-vs-adaptation workflow\.External references: [Climate-ADAPT – landslides](https://climate-adapt.eea.europa.eu/en/observatory/topics/health-impacts/landslides); [EEA – extreme weather context](https://www.eea.europa.eu/en/topics/in-depth/extreme-weather-floods-droughts-and-heatwaves).
## Sea level rise (coastal flooding / storm surge)
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> Long-term rise in mean sea level that shifts baseline coastal water levels and can amplify storm-surge impacts ( see also Flooding hazard). Assessments use water-level indicators and inundation-relevant proxies to compare baseline vs future and NbS/BGI buffering scenarios.
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> External references: [CLIMAAX – coastal flooding (water levels / SLR)](https://handbook.climaax.eu/notebooks/workflows/FLOODS/01_Coastal_flooding/Hazard_assessment_FLOOD_COASTAL_waterlevel.html); [Copernicus CDS – water level change indicators (CMIP6)](https://cds.climate.copernicus.eu/datasets/sis-water-level-change-indicators-cmip6?tab=overview); [Climate-ADAPT – coastal areas policy](https://climate-adapt.eea.europa.eu/en/eu-adaptation-policy/sector-policies/coastal-areas).
## Other perils (soil erosion and water quality)
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> Additional dimensions relevant to the tutorials include water-driven soil erosion and water-quality impacts (nutrient/sediment transport), often linked to rainfall–runoff processes and land management. NbS/BGI benefits are captured via reductions in soil-loss proxies and improved nutrient/sediment indicators vs baseline.
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> External references: [EEA – soil erosion by water](https://www.eea.europa.eu/data-and-maps/indicators/soil-erosion-by-water-1); [EEA – nutrients in freshwater](https://www.eea.europa.eu/en/analysis/indicators/nutrients-in-freshwater-in-europe); [EEA – estimated soil erosion by water (map)](https://www.eea.europa.eu/en/analysis/maps-and-charts/estimated-soil-erosion-by-water).
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