# Indicators and Data Climate Risk Assessments (CRA) rely on a **transparent chain from datasets to indicators** and decision-relevant outputs. Within the ARCADIA Assessment Toolkit, indicators are used to operationalise the Hazard–Exposure–Vulnerability logic and to **compare a baseline (business-as-usual) scenario against an NbS/BGI scenario**. Tutorials provide the detailed, lab-specific data inputs and processing steps; the overview below focuses on indicator and data families that are replicable across regions, while keeping uncertainty and data limitations explicit. ## Indicators Across the tutorials, indicators are grouped into (i) risk and vulnerability indicators, capturing the hazard signal and the spatial distribution of exposed and vulnerable receptors, and (ii) NbS/BGI performance indicators, capturing the change in risk drivers and impacts between baseline and NbS/BGI scenarios. ### Risk and vulnerability indicators These indicators support screening, prioritisation and comparative assessment. Depending on the hazard, outputs may be expressed as maps (rasters/vectors), summary statistics over administrative or planning units, and scenario deltas. ### NbS/BGI performance indicators Performance indicators describe the effect of measures along the risk chain (hazard attenuation, exposure reduction, vulnerability reduction), typically expressed as differences between baseline and NbS/BGI scenarios. Co-benefits relevant to the tutorials include soil conservation and water-quality regulation. | **Indicator family** | **Definition (short)** | **Typical output / unit** | **Relevant risk profiles** | | --------------------------------------- | -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- | ------------------------------------------------------------------------------- | ------------------------------------------- | | Extreme precipitation / heavy rainfall | Event intensity or frequency proxies used to characterise short-duration heavy rainfall. | Rainfall threshold exceedances; return-period layers; mm, mm/day | Heavy rainfall; Pluvial flooding | | Flood hazard | Spatial characterisation of inundation potential under design events or scenario conditions. | Flood extent; water depth/level; m; affected area km² | Flooding; Sea level rise (coastal flooding) | | Drought hazard and water stress | Indices or model-based proxies of precipitation deficit, soil moisture deficit or water demand. | Drought index values; soil moisture proxies; irrigation demand; (index), mm, m³ | Drought | | Heat stress | Thermal exposure metrics for people and the built environment, including hotspot screening layers. | Temperature/thermal comfort metrics; heat days/tropical nights; °C; days | Heat waves | | Slope instability / landslide potential | Stability or susceptibility proxies responding to rainfall-driven soil water conditions. | Stability/susceptibility layers; probability classes; (index) / classes | Landslides | | Exposure proxies | Spatial distribution of assets, population or land uses that can be affected by hazards. | Land-use shares; asset layers; people/ha; m² of imperviousness | All profiles | | Vulnerability proxies | Sensitivity and coping capacity proxies for exposed receptors (where local data are limited). | Composite scores; typology classes; (index) / classes | All profiles | | Runoff and water regulation | Hydrological performance proxies relevant to retention/infiltration measures. | Runoff peaks/volumes; flow statistics; m³/s, mm, m³ | Heavy rainfall; Flooding; Drought | | Soil conservation | Erosion and sediment-related proxies supporting assessment of land-based measures. | Annual soil loss; sediment proxies; t/ha/yr | Heavy rainfall; Drought; Other perils | | Water-quality regulation | Nutrient and pollutant transport proxies linked to runoff processes and mitigation measures. | N/P load proxies; sediment-related proxies; kg, mg/L (where applicable) | Flooding; Drought; Other perils | | Cooling and comfort co-benefits | Change in thermal exposure due to greening/shading measures. | Δ temperature / comfort metric; °C | Heat waves | Table 1 - indicator families used across the CRA tutorials (high-level overview). ## Data Tutorials combine local datasets with a limited set of European open-data sources for harmonised processing and comparability. The table below lists only the European datasets explicitly referenced in the ARCADIA tutorials; local datasets and licensing details remain documented within each tutorial. | **Data category** | **Purpose in CRA / tutorials** | **European open-data sources referenced in tutorials** | | ----------------------------------------------- | ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------- | ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- | | Climate forcing (reanalysis) | Baseline and historical climate signals for hazard characterisation and indices. | [Copernicus ERA5-Land](https://cds.climate.copernicus.eu/datasets/reanalysis-era5-land); [ERA5 extreme precipitation indicators (Europe)](https://cds.climate.copernicus.eu/datasets/sis-ecde-climate-indicators?tab=overview) | | Climate projections (regional) | Future hazard characterisation under scenarios; scenario comparisons. | [Copernicus EURO-CORDEX](https://cds.climate.copernicus.eu/datasets/projections-cordex-domains-single-levels); [Hydrology-related climate impact indicators (bias-adjusted projections)](https://cds.climate.copernicus.eu/datasets/sis-hydrology-variables-derived-projections?tab=overview) | | Topography / terrain | Derivation of drainage, flow paths and terrain-based susceptibility proxies. | [Copernicus DEM](https://dataspace.copernicus.eu/explore-data/data-collections/copernicus-contributing-missions/collections-description/COP-DEM) | | Land cover / land use / urban form | Exposure mapping, imperviousness proxies, and spatial context for NbS/BGI planning. | [CORINE Land Cover (Copernicus)](https://land.copernicus.eu/pan-european/corine-land-cover); [Urban Atlas (Copernicus)](https://land.copernicus.eu/local/urban-atlas); [CLCplus Backbone (Copernicus)](https://land.copernicus.eu/en/products/clc-backbone); [High Resolution Layers (Tree Cover / Forests)](https://land.copernicus.eu/pan-european/high-resolution-layers) | | Hydrography / water bodies | River network context for flood screening and BGI connectivity planning. | [EU-Hydro River Network Database](https://land.copernicus.eu/en/products/eu-hydro) | | Soils | Soil parameterisation and erosion-related proxies. | [European Soil Database v2.0 (ESDAC)](https://esdac.jrc.ec.europa.eu/content/european-soil-database-v20-vector-and-attribute-data) | | Protected areas / ecological context | Context layers for BGI/NbS planning and screening constraints/opportunities. | [Natura 2000 (EEA)](https://www.eea.europa.eu/data-and-maps/data/natura-2000) | | Socio-economic exposure / vulnerability proxies | Context indicators for exposed sectors, demographics or land management patterns. | [Eurostat GISCO](https://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/web/gisco) | Table 2 - European open-data sources referenced in the CRA tutorials (by data category). The table above provides **a first, intentionally compact synthesis** of the European datasets referenced in the current tutorials. It is not meant to replace the tutorial-specific data documentation: as the Toolkit evolves, **a more structured repository and metadata scheme** (foreseen in follow-up activities) will enable more systematic referencing, traceability and reuse of datasets across regions. --- # Agent Instructions: Querying This Documentation If you need additional information that is not directly available in this page, you can query the documentation dynamically by asking a question. Perform an HTTP GET request on the current page URL with the `ask` query parameter: ``` GET https://arcadia-15.gitbook.io/cra_toolbox_2026/ctb-indicatorsanddata-indicators-and-data.md?ask= ``` The question should be specific, self-contained, and written in natural language. The response will contain a direct answer to the question and relevant excerpts and sources from the documentation. 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